In patients with suspected or confirmed hiv and dementia, these values help determine how likely hiv associated dementia and cns lymphoma and other hiv associated cns infections is to be contributing to dementia. Hiv dementia scale ihds 8 was designed to be a brief, easy to administer, crosscultural. International hiv dementia scale ihds mental disorders screening. The blessed dementia scale ds was developed in 1968 by blessed and colleagues in an attempt to quantify the degree of intellectual and personality deterioration p. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a new screening test for hiv dementia, the international hiv dementia scale. People with alzheimers disease are particularly prone to depression. A metaanalysis xueying hu, 1, yang zhou, 1, jianxiong long, 1 qiming feng, 1 rensheng. The authors identified a score of 3 as the optimal cutpoint when using the phq2 to screen for depression. Aids dementia complex is caused by the hiv virus itself, not by the opportunistic infections that occur commonly in advanced hiv. Pdf validity of the international hiv dementia scale in. Usefulness of the hiv dementia scale in nigerian patients with hiv aids.
The performance of international hiv dementia scale ihds versus mini mental status examition scale mmse in assessment of hiv associated neurocognitive disorders hand among hiv infected. This scale requires training to administer and may not be preferable for use in a clinical setting. International hiv dementia scale ihds validated crossculturally. Hiv dementia is an important neurological complication of advanced hiv infection. Total scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represent cutpoints for mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe depression. The purpose of this study was to design a valid instrument to identify hiv dementia.
Pdf human immunodeficiency virus1 hiv1 can induce dementia with alarming occurrence worldwide. Phq9 score obtained by adding score for each question total points interpretation. Cognitive impairment in patients with aids prevalence. A hiv dementia scale that assesses cognitive symptoms is sometimes administered. Diagnostic utility of the international hiv dementia scale. Diagnostic accuracy of the international hiv dementia. The hiv dementia scale hds was initially developed as a brief screening tool to detect had. Limitations of the international hiv dementia scale in the. Resources for care providers aids institute clinical. Comparison of the minimental state examination scale and. Diagnostic accuracy of the international hiv dementia scale and hiv dementia scale. Here is a short summary about the tool explaining in brief its efficacy. International hiv dementia scale ihds mental disorders.
Of these tests, the hiv dementia scale hds developed by power et al. The international hiv dementia scale ihds was the most frequently reported tool. As initially described, a cutpoint of 10 on this 12point. Hiv dementia screening tools the most commonly referenced hiv screening tool is the hiv dementia scale hds 18. Memoryregistration give four words to recall dog, hat, green, peach 1 second to say each. The current study aimed to validate a modified version of the international hiv dementia scale ihds, the yihds youthihds, as a cognitive screening test for hivinfected children and adolescents. Sacktor, professor of neurology, johns hopkins medicine. If observed, neurocognitive impairment cannot be assigned a hand diagnosis if it is solely attributed to a comorbid condition e.
The hds is a reliable and quantitative scale that is superior to other. Diagnostic utility of the hiv dementia scale and the. The efficiencies of each instrument for identifying hiv dementia were as follows. About dementia hiv associated dementia this help sheet describes hiv associated dementia and related conditions, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. In patients with hiv infection or suspected hiv associated dementia, cd4 count and hiv viral load are measured. The modified hiv dementia scale omits the attention category and may be more suitable for administration by a physician.
Dementia severity rating scale dsrs page 2 of 5 speech and language 0 normal ability to talk and to understand others. Human immunodeficiency virus hiv infection is a major cause of neurocognitive dysfunction in the world. The diagnostic utility of the international hiv dementia scale was analyzed using a receiver operating characteristic model. The study hypothesis was that there is a significant difference in the detection of hand when mmse is used compared to the ihds scale.
This tool provides a rapid assessment of eye movements, motor skills. We sought to determine whether the mhds and the widely used grooved pegboard gp. Accurate and early diagnosis of hiv dementia can lead to optimized therapeutic and management decisions. Pdf usefulness of the hiv dementia scale in nigerian. Lab chief ret national institute on aging, nih and aids community research initiative of. Validation of the international hiv dementia scale as a. Cognitive impairmentdementia in hiv patients in a faith. Alzheimers disease knowledge scale adks evidencereference list item reference 1. Davis hf1, skolasky rl jr, selnes oa, burgess dm, mcarthur jc.
The hierarchic dementia scale, originally developed by dr dolly dastoor and dr martin cole in the 1970s, has been revised and redeveloped by the wa dementia training study centre wa dtsc in. Human immunodeficiency hiv virus is usually among other disorders associated with cognitive impairment and dementia adding to the burden of the disease in affected individuals and the quality of. An english form is available free online at auqualityqua. The international hiv dementia scale is a relatively simpletoadminister screening scale for hiv associated neurocognitive disorders. Dementia severity rating scale dsrs page 5 of 5 control of urination and bowels 0 normal does not have problems controlling urin ation or bowels except for physical problems. Due to the high prevalence of cns comorbidities in hiv. Outcomes of palliative care at the end of life may be evaluated by eoldcad scale and by determining family satisfaction with care eoldswc. We identified 14 eligible studies, of which 9 were from south africa. Hiv ds dementia scale hiv ds dementia scale this is an app version of the hiv dementia scale, developed by the johns hopkins hiv neurosciences group as a simple screening tool for hiv. The international hiv dementia scale ihds was therefore developed by sacktor et al. The disability assessment for dementia dad scale was developed to fulfill the need for a disability measure designed specifically for communitydwelling individuals with dementia of the alzheimer type.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the diagnostic utility of the hiv dementia scale hds and international hiv dementia scale ihds to screen for hand in spanishspeaking adults living with hiv. The results show that this scale is a useful and valid diagnostic screening test for hiv. Lyketsos et al reported an association between depression and hiv infection as early as 1993 and speculated that mdd was a risk factor for developing hiv. The national hiv curriculum is an aids education and training center aetc program supported by the health resources and services administration hrsa of the u.
Outcome measures for dementia in the advanced stage and at the. However, clinical experience in utilizing the scale with. Pdf scales for evaluation of endoflife care in dementia. The hiv dementia scale hds previously has been shown to be sensitive in identifying persons with hiv associated dementia had. We aimed to develop a simpler version of the hdsthe modified hds mhds. Utility of the hiv dementia scale hds in identifying hiv. The international hiv dementia scale is a validated brief screening instrument that can be administered by nonneurologists and may detect early motor and cognitive slowing. Cognitive functions in newly diagnosed patients with hiv. Score hiv dementia scale hds previously has been shown to be sensitive in identifying persons with hiv associated dementia had. The use of a crosscultural screening test to detect hiv dementia within the international community is critical for diagnosing this condition. The international hiv dementia scale ihds was developed by dr. Pdf systematic evaluation of endoflife care in dementia has been hampered by a lack of instruments. Pdf the performance of international hiv dementia scale.
In the prehaart era, the hiv dementia scale hds was developed and subsequently modified for use in international settings as the international hiv dementia scale ihds. The international hiv dementia scale ihds, hiv dementia scale hds and modified hds were used in the prehaart era to identify had but have limited utility as basic screening methods for hand. Human immunodeficiency virus hiv is associated with neurological complications, including neurocognitive impairment. The hiv dementia scale hds previously has been shown to be sensitive in identifying persons with hivassociated dementia had. We do not know exactly how the virus damages brain cells. Nonetheless, our results show that many of the participants. Cognitive neuropsychology of hivassociated neurocognitive. The clinical dementia rating cdr is a ed instrument of the alzheimers diseases research center. If the score is 3 or greater, major depressive disorder is likely. We aimed to develop a simpler version of the hdsthe modified hds mhdswhich would be appropriate for use by nonneurologists. Modified hiv dementia scale mhds davis aids reader, 2002 hds with eye movement portion removed validated in hiv, quick to perform less sensitive for non hiv related. In addition to being appropriately translated, instruments need to be modified, normed, and validated accordingly. In the modified scale, the maximum possible score would be 12.
Diagnostic utility of the hiv dementia scale and the international hiv. While this is useful in the diagnosis of had, it may miss the milder. The early screening neuropsychological tests were designed to assess cortical functions. The hiv dementia scale hds and international hiv dementia scale. Some trouble expressing thoughts and giving answers. Hiv dementia has an annual incidence of 7% after aids development and eventually affects 20% of all hiv infected persons. Methods study design this was crosssectional study undertaken at two hiv.
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